Could It Be Snowing Microbes on Enceladus? Assessing Conditions in Its Plume and Implications for Future Missions

We analyzed Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) images of the plume of Enceladus to derive particle number densities for the purpose of comparing our results with those obtained from other Cassini instrument investigations. Initial discrepancies in the results from different instruments, as large as factors of 10-20, can be reduced to ∼2 to 3 by accounting for the different times and geometries at which measurements were taken. We estimate the average daily ice production rate, between 2006 and 2010, to be 29 ± 7 kg/s, and a solid-to-vapor ratio, S/V > 0.06. At 50 km altitude, the plume's peak optical depth during the same time period was τ ∼ 10-3; by 2015, it was ∼10-4. Our inferred differential size distribution at 50 km altitude has an exponent q = 3. We estimate the average geothermal flux into the sea beneath Enceladus' south polar terrain to be comparable to that of the average Atlantic, of order 0.1 W/m2. Should microbes be present on Enceladus, concentrations at hydrothermal vents on Enceladus could be comparable to those on Earth, ∼105 cells/mL. We suggest the well-known process of bubble scrubbing as a means by which oceanic organic matter and microbes may be found in the plume in significantly enhanced concentrations: for the latter, as high as 107 cells/mL, yielding as many as 103 cells on a 0.04 m2 collector in a single 50 km altitude transect of the plume. Mission design can increase these numbers considerably. A lander mission, for example, catching falling plume particles on the same collector, could net, over 100 Enceladus days without bubble scrubbing, at least 105 cells; and, if bubble scrubbing is at work, up to 108 cells. Key Words: Enceladus-Microbe-Organic matter-Life detection. Astrobiology 17, 876-901.